Aperture - Aperture is in relation to your lens diaphragm. This is inside of your lens. Changing your aperture changes the size of the hole that your lens diaphragm will open. This will affect how much light is let in the camera when you take a photo. A low aperture can give you a picture with your subject focused and your background blurred. A high aperture can give you a picture where you subject focused and your background is mostly focused as well.
Shutter Speed - Shutter speed refers to the amount of time your shutter remains open while taking a shot. The longer the shutter is open, the more light you let in to your camera. A fast shutter speed such as 1/125 will allow you to take a photo of something in motion without the photo becoming blurry.
On my camera, I hold down the mode button and then turn the command dial until the A shows up on the screen for aperture-priority mode, or the S for shutter-priority mode.
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